Pileflebitis como complicación de apendicitis aguda en paciente gestante / Pylephlebitis as a Complication of Acute Appendicitis in a Pregnant Patient

Introducción: La pileflebitis, trombosis séptica del sistema portal por cuadros inflamatorios agudos abdominales, se presenta con manifestaciones clínicas variables en dependencia de la causa de origen y por rama portal afectado. El diagnóstico incluye función hepática normal o ligeramente alterada con leucocitosis, hemocultivos positivos, eco doppler o tomografía computarizada que corrobore la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir la pileflebitis como una complicación inusual en una paciente embarazada con apendicitis aguda, desde su concepto, fisiopatología, presentación clínica, diagnóstico y medidas terapéuticas. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 18 años, gestante, que refirió dolor abdominal de gran intensidad, acompañado de vómito y deposiciones diarreicas y tinte ictérico. Por tales motivos fue trasladada al Hospital General Docente Ambato. Se diagnosticó sepsis de origen abdominal por apendicitis aguda perforada, peritonitis generalizada complicada con pileflebitis. Se realizó intervención quirúrgica y resolución del cuadro clínico. Conclusiones: La pileflebitis presenta una gran dificultad diagnóstica, por lo que herramientas como la ecografía doppler y la tomografía computarizada son de ayuda en estos casos. Los pilares del tratamiento incluyen control del foco séptico abdominal y tratar la pileflebitis(AU)

Introduction: Pylephlebitis, septic thrombosis of the portal system due to acute abdominal inflammatory conditions, it presents with variable clinical signs depending on the cause of origin and the affected portal branch. Diagnosis includes normal or mildly impaired liver function with leukocytosis, positive blood cultures, Doppler echocardiography, or computed tomography confirming the disease. Objective: To describe pylephlebitis as an unusual complication in a pregnant patient with acute appendicitis, referring to its concept, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic measures. Clinical case report: This is the case of an 18-year-old female pregnant patient, who had severe abdominal pain, accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea and jaundiced stools. For such reasons, she was transferred to the Ambato General Teaching Hospital. Sepsis of abdominal origin was diagnosed due to acute perforated appendicitis, generalized peritonitis complicated with pylephlebitis. Surgical intervention was performed and the clinical condition was solved. Conclusions: Pylephlebitis represents a great diagnostic difficulty, hence tools such as Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography are helpful in these cases. The mainstays of treatment include control of the abdominal septic focus and treating pylephlebitis(AU)

Pileflebitis como causa de fiebre / Pylephlebitis as a cause of fever

Resumen La pileflebitis o trombosis séptica portal es una complicación rara pero con gran morbilidad y mortalidad de los procesos infecciosos abdominales que drenan al sistema venoso portal. Con mayor frecuencia se relaciona con la apendicitis y diverticulitis. La incidencia ha aumentado en los últimos años con la disponibilidad de pruebas de imagen, como ecografía y tomografía axial computada abdominal. Esta facilidad en el diagnóstico y sobre todo la prescripción de antibióticos han mejorado el pronóstico, aunque no hay claro consenso en cuanto al tratamiento de esta infección y la anticoagulación es un tema controvertido.

Abstract Pylephlebitis or suppurative thrombophlebitis of the portal mesenteric venous system is a rare but deadly complication of abdominal infections drained by the portal venous system. Usually, it is seen in the setting of appendicitis and diverticulitis. The incidence have been increased in the last years because of the use of modern diagnosis imaging such as ultrasonography and computed tomography scans. The more sensitive imaging techniques and the availability of antibiotics have improve the prognosis, although there is not consensus about the empiric antibiotic regimens and the anticoagulation therapy is a controversial topic.

Pileflebite: relato de caso / Pylephlebitis: case report

A Pileflebite é uma rara e grave complicação de diversas infecções intra-abdominais e pélvicas. Inicia-se através de uma tromboflebite de pequenos vasos que drenam uma área infectada e tem, como principais manifestações, a dor abdominal e a febre. É descrito caso de trombose séptica de veia porta em uma paciente do sexo feminino, 70 anos, hipertensa, obesa, portadora de neoplasia maligna de uretra e tabagista, que apresentou episódio de diverticulite aguda complicada com pileflebite. Tratamento realizado com antibioticoterapia e anticoagulação.

The pylephlebitis is a rare and serious complication of various abdominal and pelvic infections. It begins with thrombophlebitis of small vessels that drain an infected area, and has abdominal pain and fever as main manifestations. It describe the case of portal vein septic thrombosis in a female patient, 70 years, smoker, suffering from systemic hypertension, obesity and malignant neoplasm of urethra, who had an episode of acute diverticulitis complicated by pylephlebitis. Treatment instituted with antibiotics and anticoagulation.

Pileflebitis: Un desafío diagnóstico / Pylephlebitis: Diagnostic challenge

RESUMEN: La pileflebitis es la tromboflebitis séptica de la vena porta y/o de sus ramas, que suele presentarse de manera aguda y generalmente como complicación de procesos inflamatorios intraabdominales. La clínica es inespecífica. El diagnóstico es clínico e imagenológico. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la patogenia de esta entidad y sus modos de presentación clínica y radiológica a través del análisis de un caso clínico. Enfatizamos la importancia del diagnóstico temprano que permite su tratamiento dirigido y eficaz.

ABSTRACT: Pylephlebitis is thrombophlebitis of the portal vein and/ or of its branches; it is acute and generally arises as a complication of inflammatory intra-abdominal processes. The clinical is non-specific. The diagnosis is clinical and radiological. The aims of this study are to review the pathophysiology of this entity and its clinical and radiological presentation through the a clinical case. We wish to emphasize tha importance of early diagnosis, which make it possible to establish an efficient treatment.

Septic Pylephlebitis as a Rare Complication of Crohn's Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system (PVS) with superimposed bacterial infection (septic pylephlebitis) is an extremely rare complication of Crohn's disease (CD), and therefore diagnosis of septic pylephlebitis is difficult without high clinical suspicion. A 16-year old male patient who was diagnosed with CD 3 months earlier was admitted with recurrent fever and abdominal pain. CD activity had been well controlled with conventional medical treatment during a follow-up period. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed massive thrombosis in the PVS without evidence of intra-abdominal infection, and blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus viridians. There was no evidence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary thromboembolism, and all laboratory tests for thrombophilia were normal. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with septic pylephlebitis complicated with CD, and was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotic therapy combined with anticoagulation. This case suggests that early comprehensive evaluation is crucial for immediate diagnosis and proper treatment of septic pylephlebitis in patients with CD who present with fever and abdominal pain of unknown origin, even with stable disease activity and absence of other intra-abdominal infections.

Pileflebitis aocciada a apendicitis aguda / Pileflebitis aocciada to acute appendicitis

La pileflebitis, que es una trombosis séptica de la vena porta o en una de sus tributarias, es una complicación infrecuente de procesos inflamatorios intra-abdominales que pueden llevar a la trombosis de la vena portal y a abscesos hepáticos. La trombosis de la vena porta puede ocurrir dentro o fuera del hígado. Las causas de la trombosis portal extrahepática incluyen la oclusión por adenomegalias, inflamación de la vena porta debido a pileflebitis ascendente secundario a la infección del apéndice o colon, trombosis de la vena esplénica secundaria a pancreatitis o a procedimientos quirúrgicos abdominales. Las causas de la trombosis intrahepática son la cirrosis hepática, la invasión tumoral por tumores hepático primitivos o secundarios. La pileflebitis es habitualmente una complicación de la apendicitis, pero la incidencia de esta enfermedad ha disminuido en forma importante debido a los avances en la terapia antibiótica y a las modernas técnicas quirúrgicas. Presentamos un caso clínico de un paciente de 40 años de edad masculino, que cursa un cuadro febril asociado a dolor abdominal en epigastrio. Se realizan estudios de laboratorio e imágenes y se diagnostica una apendicitis aguda asociada a una trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior. Se efectúa apendicetomía atipica y se administra tratamiento antibiótico, tras lo cual la paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones, y egresa en buenas condiciones generales. Es importante una sospecha precoz y un tratamiento adecuado para tratar esta complicación.

Pylephlebitis, septic thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches, is an infrequent complication of intraabdominal inflammatory processes which may lead to thrombosis of the portal vein and to liver abscesses. Thrombosis of the portal vein can occur either ouside of the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic). Extrahepatic causes include occlusion by enlargement of hilar lymph nodes, inflammation of the portal vein due to ascending pylephlebitis secondary to infection in the appendix or colon, splenic vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatitis or secondary to surgical procedures on the abdomen. Intrahepatic causes are cirrhosis ofthe liver or invasion of the portal vein by primary or secondary carcinomas of the liver. Pylephlebitis used to be a dreaded complication of appendicitis, but the incidence of this disease has greatly declined since the development of antibiotics and modern surgical techniques. We report a 40 years old male who presented fever and pain in the abdomen. An abdominal ecography scan showed the presence of an acute appendicitis and a mesenteric vein thrombosis. The patient was operated untipical apendicectomy and received antimicrobials, with a good evolution. It is important an early suspicion and accurate treatment for this complication.

Pileflebite mesentérica secundária à diverticulite / Mesenteric pylephlebitis secondary a diverticulitis

Pileflebite é uma complicação incomum das infecções intra-abdominais e está associada à alta mortalidade. A patogenia ainda não está esclarecida. O diagnóstico permanece difícil e frequentemente é tardio, uma vez que a clínica é inespecífica e é necessário um elevado grau de suspeição. Na maioria dos casos, o prognóstico é favorável. O fator mais importante é a precocidade no diagnóstico e a imediata antibioticoterapia específica. Relatamos um caso de um paciente com diagnóstico de pileflebite mesentérica secundária à diverticulite colônica.

Pylephlebitis is a uncommon complications of intraabdominalsuppuration and associated with high mortality. The pathogenic is not clear and diagnosis remains delay because of its nonspecific symptoms and is necessary high clinical suspicion. In the major of cases the prognostic is favorable. The most important determinants for the prognosis is earlydiagnosis and adequate medical. We report a case of patient with diagnosis of mesenteric Pylephlebitis secondary a colonic diverticulitis.

Pileflebitis asociada a apendicitis aguda en una niña de 11 años / Pylephlebitis associated to acute appendicitis: report of an eleven years old patient

We report a 11 years old female who presented fever and pain in the lower abdomen. An abdominal CAT sean showed the presence of an acute appendicitis and a mesenteric vein thrombosis. The patient was operated laparoscopically and received antimicrobials and anticoagulants, with a good evolution. It is important an early suspicion and aecurate treatment for this complication.

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 11 años de edad, que cursa un cuadro febril asociado a dolor abdominal hipogástrico. Se realizan estudios de laboratorio e imágenes y se diagnostica una apendicitis aguda asociada a una trombosis de la vena mesentérica superior. Se efectúa apendicectomía laparoscópica y se administra tratamiento antibiótico y anticoagulante, tras lo cual la paciente evoluciona en buenas condiciones. Es importante una sospecha precoz y un tratamiento adecuado para tratar esta complicación.

A case of pylephlebitis with Streptococcus viridans and Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia secondary to diverticulitis / 대한내과학회지

Pylephlebitis, a septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries, is a life-threatening complication of intra-abdominal infection. The causes of pylephlebitis include acute diverticulitis, appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, necrotizing pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and bowel perforation. Although pylephlebitis is an unusual complication of diverticulitis, its morbidity and mortality remain high. Therefore, early diagnosis and initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy is important for improving the long-term prognosis of patients suffering from this rare disease. We report a case of pylephlebitis with Streptococcus viridans and Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia secondary to diverticulitis with a review of the literature.

A Case of Pylephlebitis of the Inferior Mesenteric Vein and Portal Vein

Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries. Pylephlebitis is an uncommon and often fatal complication of intra-abdominal infections, such as diverticulitis and appendicitis. The most common bacteria isolated from patients with pylephlebitis are Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The overall mortality rate is 32%. We describe a case of septic thrombophlebitis of the main portal vein and inferior mesenteric vein successfully treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants. The early diagnosis and treatment with the timely administration of antibiotics is most important for pylephlebitis.

A Case of Pylephlebitis of the Inferior Mesenteric Vein and Portal Vein

Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries. Pylephlebitis is an uncommon and often fatal complication of intra-abdominal infections, such as diverticulitis and appendicitis. The most common bacteria isolated from patients with pylephlebitis are Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The overall mortality rate is 32%. We describe a case of septic thrombophlebitis of the main portal vein and inferior mesenteric vein successfully treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulants. The early diagnosis and treatment with the timely administration of antibiotics is most important for pylephlebitis.

Pylephlebitis as a Complication of Acute Appendicitis

Pylephlebitis is defined as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein or one of its tributaries, and is usually secondary to an infection in the region drained by the portal venous system. Pylephlebitis is extremely rare today but high mortality still persists. It is a severe complication of acute appendicitis and other intraabdominal and pelvic infections. The patient presents with high fever, chills, leukocytosis, altered liver function, and sometimes jaundice. We describes two cases of pylephlebitis with acute appendicitis. One patient had pylephlebitis with multiple liver abscess and the other had superior mesnteric vein thrombi without liver abscesses. Both the patients had favorable outcomes with medical and surgical therapy. The early diagnosis and treatment with the timely administration of antibiotics and surgical therapy is most important for pylephlebitis.

A Case of Septic Portal Vein Thrombophlebitis: Presenting with Fever of Unknown Origin / 감염

Pylephlebitis is defined as an inflammation of the portal system, which is a rare but dreaded complication of intra-abdominal inflammatory processes. In the past it was observed as a sequela of neglected or complicated appendicitis. With earlier diagnosis, modern surgical technique and antibiotics, the incidence has declined even further. In addition, thrombosis in portal system (pylethrombosis) can complicate the pylephlebitis, followed by obstruction of the portal system, leading to portal hypertension in the late stage. Proper recognition of early thrombosis and an accompanying intra-abdominal inflammatory process should arouse the suspicion of septic thrombophlebitis and lead to the early institution of adequate therapy to prevent the almost universally fatal outcome. We report the case of woman who had pylephlebitis and presented with fever of unknown origin, probably associated with acute appendicitis.

Pylephlebitis associated with appendicitis

Pylephlebitis usually occurs secondary to infection in the region drained by the portal venous system. A most common antesecent focus of infection is diverticulitis and the most common blood isolate is E. coli (54%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (23%). Overall mortality is 32% and most of the patients who had died had severe sepsis prior to the initiation of antibiotic therapy. We describe a case of pylephlebitis which had appendicitis and consequent septic thrombosis of the portal vein and its branches, with dissemination of infection to the liver. The patient had recovered due to timely antibiotic treatment alone and resulted in complete resolution. Early diagnosis and treatment are basic to a favorable clinical course.